graphene: meaning, definition, pronunciation and examples

It is one of the strongest materials ever tested in terms of tensile strength and intrinsic strength. However, its 2D nature means strength in practical, macroscopic applications depends on how it is integrated into composites.

A perfect single layer is only one atom thick and is transparent, making it nearly impossible to see on most substrates. However, layers or flakes of graphene, especially on certain surfaces, can be visible as a faint grayish film or sheen.

Key challenges include the high cost of producing large, defect-free sheets, difficulties in handling and integrating the atomically-thin material into existing manufacturing processes, and sometimes the lack of a bandgap for certain electronic applications.

Graphene was isolated and characterised in 2004 by Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov at the University of Manchester, UK, using a simple method involving adhesive tape (mechanical exfoliation). They were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2010 for this work.

A single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a two-dimensional honeycomb lattice. It is the basic structural element of other carbon allotropes like graphite, charcoal, carbon nanotubes and fullerenes, renowned for its exceptional strength and conductivity.

Graphene is usually technical, academic, scientific journalism in register.

Graphene: in British English it is pronounced /ˈɡræf.iːn/, and in American English it is pronounced /ˈɡræf.iːn/. Tap the audio buttons above to hear it.